1
100
4
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John H. and Sarah Tibbets Home
Description
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John Henry Tibbets was born in Clermont County, Ohio, to Dr. Samuel and Susanna Combs Tibbets circa 1820. [1] He was the last son born in the staunchly abolitionist family. The Tibbets were motivated “to help fugitive slaves by personal religious conviction,” as part of their Baptist faith. [2] In the fall of 1838, John aided his “first fugitive from slavery,” riskily escorting the man on horseback at nighttime to a safe location about 15 miles away, with the help of his cousin Thomas Coombs. [3]
In 1843, John H. Tibbets moved to Jefferson County, Indiana, which already boasted a strong community of abolitionists. In 1839, 73 men and women, led by abolitionist Methodist minister Louis Hicklin, established the Neil’s Creek Anti-Slavery Society just north of Madison, Indiana. [4] One of the founding members of this society was Sarah Ann Nelson, who was just 19 at the time the group was formed. [5] In the fall of 1844, John H. Tibbets married Sarah Ann Nelson, and the couple moved to Neil’s Creek to reside with Sarah’s parents, who were also “strong Anti-slavery people” and fellow founders of the Neil’s Creek Anti-Slavery Society. [6] The couple worked together as conductors on the Underground Railroad from their advantageous location just north of the Ohio River. Other prominent conductors operating out of the free black Georgetown neighborhood in nearby Madison, such as George DeBaptiste, Elijah Anderson, and John Carter, were their colleagues in helping fugitive slaves escape northward toward freedom.
In 1853, John and Sarah Tibbets, along with their three young sons, James, Samuel, and Charles Francis, moved just miles northwest of Madison to Lancaster, Indiana where a “whole abolitionist community” of families was gathering. [7] The Tibbets, along with several other families involved in the Neil’s Creek Anti-Slavery Society, which later became Neil’s Creek Abolitionist Baptist Church, founded the Eleutherian College in Lancaster. [8] This institution provided higher education to students regardless of race or gender, and was one of just two schools “west of the Allegheny Mountains to offer its students college-level experience in an integrated atmosphere prior to the Civil War.” [9] Segregation in public schools was not legally prohibited in Indiana for nearly a century, until the Indiana General Assembly enacted a law doing so in 1949. [10] Though the enrollment at Eleutherian College was quite small, the school attracted black students from across the country, including some who had been born into slavery. [11]
In 1870, John, then 52, and his wife Sarah, then 50, moved their family to Labette County, Kansas. Here, he built a small Baptist Church, and set aside land for a cemetery. John and Sarah are buried in that cemetery on their homestead which was located four miles south of Mound Valley, Kansas. [12] The church and graves still stand today.
John H. Tibbets is remarkable in that he recorded significant evidence of his work as a conductor in the Underground Railroad in his 18 page memoir, Reminiscence of Slavery Times. Although the memoir was written in Kansas three decades after his work on the Underground Railroad, Tibbets recalls details of incidents spanning more than 20 years, from 1837 to 1858. [13] The “account overflows with names and places,” and specifications of “dozens of locations that can be traced today on the landscape of southern Ohio and southeastern Indiana,” along with details of each journey undertaken to help at least 37 people towards freedom. [14] Unlike other memoirs of Hoosier Underground Railroad conductors, such as Levi Coffin, Tibbets’ Reminiscence of Slavery Times recounts more than just his own efforts. He documents the network of people working together in Jefferson County to aid freedom seekers, and names 34 of his compatriots. [15] Tibbets’ memoir recalls harrowing situations on his journeys, vividly illustrating “the unexpected difficulties that members of the Underground Railroad faced and solved.” [16]
The Tibbets home still stands in Madison, Indiana today. In 2006, the Indiana Historical Bureau dedicated a Historical Marker in front of the house, honoring the family’s place in Hoosier history. [17] John H. and Sarah Tibbets dedicated their lives to the pursuit of not only the abolition of slavery, but also to providing equal treatment and opportunity to black people in Indiana.
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[1] “John H. and Sarah Tibbets,” Indiana Historical Bureau, accessed October 15, 2019, https://www.in.gov/history/markers/521.htm. <br />[2] Cox, Stephen F. “Twenty Years on the Underground Railroad: John H. Tibbets's ‘Reminiscence of Slavery Times’” The Hoosier Genealogist: Connections 46, no. 4 (2006): 164. <br />[3] “Reminiscences of Slavery Times,” Tibbets Family Antislavery History, accessed October 15, 2019, https://fordwebtech.com/tibbets-history/JohnTibbetsLetter.php. <br />[4] Cox, “Twenty Years on the Underground Railroad,” 164. <br />[5] Ibid. <br />[6] “Reminiscences of Slavery Times,” Tibbets Family Antislavery History, accessed October 15, 2019, https://fordwebtech.com/tibbets-history/JohnTibbetsLetter.php.; Cox, “Twenty Years on the Underground Railroad,” 164. <br />[7] Ibid., 166. <br />[8] Jeffrey D. Bennett, National Historic Landmark Nomination Eleutherian College Classroom and Chapel Building, Lancaster, IN, Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, 1996. <br />[9] Ibid. <br />[10] Dwight W. Culver, “Racial Desegregation in Education in Indiana,” The Journal of Negro Education 23, no. 3 (1954): 296. <br />[11] Emma Lou Thornbrough, The Negro in Indiana Before 1900 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993): 179. <br />[12] Cox, “Twenty Years on the Underground Railroad,” 168. <br />[13] Ibid., 166. <br />[14] Ibid. <br />[15] Ibid. <br />[16] Ibid., 165. <br />[17] “John H. and Sarah Tibbets,” Indiana Historical Bureau, accessed October 15, 2019, https://www.in.gov/history/markers/521.htm.
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Student Author: Allison Hunt <br />Faculty/Staff Editors: Dr. Ronald V. Morris, Dr. Kevin C. Nolan, and Christine Thompson<br />Graduate Assistant Researchers: Carrie Vachon and JB Bilbrey
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<a href="https://www.in.gov/history/markers/5.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a><a href="https://www.in.gov/history/markers/521.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indiana Historical Bureau: Historical Marker for John H. and Sarah Tibbets</a><br /><a href="https://www.in.gov/history/markers/5.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indiana Historical Bureau: Historical Marker for Eleutherian College</a><br /><a href="https://www.in.gov/history/markers/521.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></a>
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PHOTO & VIDEO:
Eleutherian College, Public domain, via Wikimedia commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eleutherian_College.jpg
1800s
1900-40s
Abolition
education
Indiana Historical Bureau Marker
Jefferson County
Madison
Underground Railroad
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https://digitalresearch.bsu.edu/digitalcivilrightsmuseum/files/original/69651217b50eb5da5d7e93502e80851f.jpg
a0a1b589f8f46789a8882f78784e56fa
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Places
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Levi Coffin House
Description
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The Levi and Catharine Coffin State Historic Site is located in Fountain City (formerly Newport), Indiana. It is a brick Federal-style eight-room house that was an important stop on the Underground Railroad. The Levi Coffin house is one of Indiana’s most prominent Underground Railroad locations, around 2,000 total runaway enslaved persons found sanctuary and nourishment at this site alone [1]. <br /><br />The Coffin house was built in 1839 and was home to the Coffin family until they moved to Cincinnati in 1847 [2]. During those eight years the Coffin house provided refuge and sanctuary for many different lives. One significant guest to find shelter in the Coffin house was Eliza Harris, of Uncle Tom’s Cabin fame. She had taken her baby and fled her captors by perilously crossing the frozen Ohio River. Making it safely, she was moved from station to station along the Underground Railroad, eventually arriving at the Coffin house. There she was sheltered and fed for several days before being sent on to the next station with several others, eventually making it to Canada [3]. <br /><br />It was not always as simple as moving a fugitive from one station to the next. The Coffin household often had to be prepared to hide and take action against slave hunters, especially since the house was known to be a depot on the Underground Railroad. In one such instance, two girls had fled Tennessee and were living with their free grandparents in Randolph County, Indiana. When their former enslaver came looking for them they were forced to flee further along the Underground Railroad, making it to the Coffin house. With the slave hunters following behind, Mrs. Coffin hid the girls in between the straw and hay linings of the beds. Additionally, the Coffins had a plan to ring a dinner bell if the slave hunters illegally entered their house, at which time neighbors would rush in and force the slave hunters out of the house and have them arrested for unlawful entry. Thankfully in this case that was unnecessary, for the reputation of the Coffin house and the unity of the community caused the slave hunters to leave [4]. <br /><br />Many individuals who came to the Coffin house by way of the Underground Railroad were employed by the Coffin family. Since the community was supportive of the Coffin house’s role as a station, the Coffins did not have to fear and allowed the former enslaved persons to work and be seen in public. One such individual was Rachel, referred to as Aunt Rachel in Levi Coffin’s Reminiscences [5]. Aunt Rachel fled Mississippi in chains and managed to make it north along the Underground Railroad. When she reached the Coffin house she was employed by the family as a housekeeper for roughly six months. When slave hunters came to Richmond, Indiana, Rachel became nervous, and the Coffins arranged for her safe passage to Canada [6]. <br /><br />The Coffin house is one of only a few places in Indiana that is a proven stop on the Underground Railroad in the nineteenth century and is registered as a historic landmark [7]. It still stands today as a beacon of hope and freedom, and a symbol for the power that a united community can have over the intolerant cruelty of wicked men.<br /><br />The Levi and Catharine Coffin House is now a State Historic Site, and the building has been converted into a museum. Guided tours are available Tuesday - Sunday from 10 AM - 5 PM. For more information, visit the <a href="http://digitalresearch.bsu.edu/digitalcivilrightsmuseum/files/show/72" target="_blank" rel="noopener">official website</a>.
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[1] "Aboard the Underground Railroad- Levi Coffin House." National Parks Service. Accessed March 21, 2019. https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/in2.htm.<br />[2] Ibid.<br />[3] Coffin, Levi. Reminiscences of Levi Coffin: The Reputed President of the Underground Railroad: Being a Brief History of the Labors of a Lifetime in Behalf of the Slave: With the Stories of Numerous Fugitives, Who Gained Their Freedom through His Instrumentality. Cincinnati: Clarke, 1976.<br />[4] Ibid.<br />[5] Ibid.<br />[6] Ibid.<br />[7] "Levi Coffin and the Underground Railroad." Indiana Landmarks. August 11, 2016. Accessed March 17, 2019. https://www.indianalandmarks.org/2016/06/levi-coffin-and-the-underground-railroad/.<br />[8] “Levi and Catherine Coffin.” Indiana State Museum. Accessed March 29, 2019. https://www.indianamuseum.org/levi-and-catharine-coffin-state-historic-site.
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PHOTO & VIDEO:<br />Levi Coffin House, attributed to Nyttend, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Levi_Coffin_House,_front_and_southern_side.jpg
Relation
A related resource
<a href="https://www.in.gov/history/markers/437.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indiana Historical Bureau: Historical Marker</a><br /><a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/132002431" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Register of Historic Places</a>
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Student Author: Emma Brauer <br />Faculty/Staff Editors: Dr. Ronald V. Morris, Dr. Kevin C. Nolan, and Christine Thompson<br />Graduate Assistant Researchers: Carrie Vachon and JB Bilbrey
1800s
Abolition
Fountain City
Indiana Historical Bureau Marker
National Register of Historic Places
Underground Railroad
Wayne County
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https://digitalresearch.bsu.edu/digitalcivilrightsmuseum/files/original/d8e06e53a39006bfeac01e3189b89cef.jpg
f14b04a0be625cd77bbe728faad2330b
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Frederick Douglass,
Abolitionist Mob in Pendleton
Description
An account of the resource
Frederick Douglass was born in his grandmother’s cabin in Tuckahoe Creek, Maryland.[1] He grew up as an enslaved child and was separated from his grandmother to work at the Wye House plantation in Talbot County, Maryland at the age of six. He was then given to Hugh Auld who lived in the city of Baltimore where Douglass felt lucky, as slaves in urban places were almost freedmen, compared to those in plantations.[2] At the age of twelve, Auld’s wife Sophia started teaching him the alphabet and treated him like a normal child, but was quickly stopped by her husband.[3] This first access to knowledge and education gave him the desire to learn more, but it also gave him a taste of freedom as he said: “Once you learn to read, you will forever be free.”[4] From then on, Douglass decided to continue to learn how to read and write by himself: for him, “knowledge is the pathway from slavery to freedom.”[5] <br /><br />His original name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, but he changed it to Douglass when he decided to escape as a way to break with his enslaved life and not to be recognized. In September 1838, Douglass successfully escaped from his owner Colonel Lloyd and reached Havre de Grace, Maryland. He became an influential activist for the abolition of slavery. In 1845, he described his experiences as a slave in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. It exposed the reality of slavery and his path from bondage to freedom. It became a crucial testimony of the horrors of slavery. <br /><br />Throughout his life, Douglass never stopped writing about slavery and became a prominent activist in the fight for abolition across the United States. In 1843, the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society sent speakers to New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana to hold the “One Hundred Conventions” on abolition.[6] The Anti-Slavery Society was founded by William Lloyd Garrison, editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and Arthur Tappan, another abolitionist. Douglass became part of the Anti-Slavery Society, along with William Wells Brown and Micajah C. White, two other freed men. <br /><br />In September 1843, Frederick Douglass and other speakers went to Madison County, Indiana to give a speech at a meeting at the Pendleton Baptist church. The Anti-slavery society focused their action on small towns like Pendleton where the African American population constituted an important proportion of the inhabitants. Situated in the periphery of Indianapolis, people relied on the church to gather and get news on politics. Douglass wanted to prove that the fight for abolition should be everybody’s concern. However, the crowd they encountered was deeply racist: more than thirty white men marched in, armed with stones and brickbats, asking for them to leave.[7] Douglass and others were injured, even though they were defended by the local supporters. In his autobiography My Life and Times (1881), he described the event saying, “They tore down the platform on which we stood, assaulted Mr. White and knocked out several of his teeth (…).” Rioters went unpunished, showing that progress was still to be made in justice and that racial violence was still not publicly condemned, even in the North.<br /><br />In 2013, the Indiana Historical Bureau, Madison County Council, Madison County Council of Governments, Town of Pendleton, Historic Fall Creek Pendleton Settlement, Pendleton Business Association, and Friends installed a historical marker at the site of the 1843 mob.
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[1] Douglass, Frederick. My Bondage and My Freedom. Edited by John David Smith. New Ed edition. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003. P.44 <br />[2] Gopnik, Adam. “The Prophetic Pragmatism of Frederick Douglass,” October 8, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/15/the-prophetic-pragmatism-of-frederick-douglass. <br />[3] Douglass, Frederick, "Chapter VII", Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. <br />[4] Ibid. Chapter VI, P.52 <br />[5] Douglass, Frederick, "Chapter VI", Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. <br />[6] "Social Reform and Human Progress," The Liberator, February 17, 1843 <br />[7] "Of the Board of managers of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, to the Abolitionists of the Western and Middle States," The Liberator, June 16, 1843
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Student Author: Emma Guichon <br />Faculty/Staff Editors: Dr. Ronald V. Morris, Dr. Kevin C. Nolan, and Christine Thompson<br />Graduate Assistant Researchers: Carrie Vachon and JB Bilbrey
Relation
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<a href="https://www.in.gov/history/markers/4111.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indiana Historical Bureau: Historical Marker</a>
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PHOTO & VIDEO:
Frederick Douglass (circa 1879), attributed to George Kendall Warren, Public domain, via Wikimedia commons
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_Douglass_(circa_1879).jpg
1800s
Abolition
Indiana Historical Bureau Marker
Madison County
Pendleton
Slavery
Violence
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https://digitalresearch.bsu.edu/digitalcivilrightsmuseum/files/original/3b1a2e0935467103f8c3bd358b013ae0.jpg
31825239334828cc8790f4676552441e
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Portrait of Levi Coffin
Description
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Portrait published in <em>Reminiscences of Levi Coffin: the reputed president of the underground railroad</em>. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington; Cincinnati: Western Tract Society, 1876.
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Image Courtesy of Indiana Historical Society
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Levi Coffin
Description
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Levi Coffin was a prominent abolitionist and member of the Underground Railroad in both Indiana and Ohio. Levi Coffin came from a Quaker family and was born on October 28, 1798 on a farm in New Garden, North Carolina to Levi and Prudence Coffin.[1] As the only son of seven children, Levi spent his childhood helping his family on the farm rather than attending school; his education came largely from his father, however it was sufficient for him to become a teacher later on. Coffin states in his book Reminiscences which was published in 1876, “Both my parents and grandparents were opposed to slavery, and none of either of the families ever owned slaves; and all were friends of the oppressed, so I claim that I inherited my anti-slavery principles.”[2] Growing up a Quaker, Levi Coffin possessed the Quaker belief that all human beings are equal, a belief he lived through his active role in abolition. <br /><br />Although Coffin was raised as an abolitionist, there were several instances where he reaffirmed his abolitionist beliefs after witnessing the treatment of enslaved people in the American South. The first occurrence was when Coffin was just seven years old. In his book, Coffin recounts a time when he and his father came across a group of enslaved people walking by in chains. His father asked them why they were chained, and one man responded that “They have taken us away from our wives and children, and they chain us lest we should make our escape and go back to them.”[3] Coffin describes this situation as his awakening to the horrors of slavery and he affirmed the abolitionist views of his family. In 1821, Levi Coffin opened a Sunday school in his hometown of New Garden, and became a teacher for enslaved people in the area in an effort to teach them how to read. However, many slaves were forbidden from being educated by their owners. Coffin spent his entire life fighting for abolition. <br /><br />Coffin moved to Indiana in 1826. The house he and his wife built in 1839 in Fountain City, Indiana (formerly Newport) became known as the “Grand Central Station of the Underground Railroad” because approximately 2,000 enslaved people were aided there in 20 years.[4] When he arrived in Indiana, Coffin opened a dry goods store in Newport. The store later grew to include manufacturing linseed oil and cutting pork. He was such a successful business man and his prominent role in the community led to his election to the director of the Richmond branch of the State Bank.[5] His prominence in the community and his thriving store helped to deflect attention from his role in the Underground Railroad. Coffin moved to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1847 and opened a wholesale warehouse, which also helped to fund his part in the Underground Railroad. The amazing thing about this warehouse is that he only sold goods that had been produced by free labor. Fast forward to the Civil War, where Coffin no longer only aided enslaved people through the Underground Railroad, but also, “served as a leading figure in Western Freedmen's Aid Society, which helped educate and provide in other ways for former slaves.”[6] In 1876, just a year before he died, Coffin wrote his book Reminiscences after his friends urged him to tell his story in the hopes of inspiring the next generation. He opens this book by framing his life’s work with these words: “What I had done I believed was simply a Christian duty and not for the purpose of being seen of men, or for notoriety, which I have never sought.”[7] Levi Coffin was a Quaker man who believed that everybody should be free and he made it his life’s mission to aid as many enslaved people as possible, despite the risk he faced.<br /><br />During his lifetime, Levi Coffin experienced several changes both nationally and in Indiana. When Indiana was admitted as a state in 1816, the Indiana Constitution prohibited slavery, similar to the Northwest Ordinance which had formerly governed Indiana as a territory. Although slavery was banned per the Constitution, there were 32 enslaved people recorded living in Vincennes in an 1830 census.[8] Just one year after Coffin moved to Indiana, New York completed its process of abolition. This provided hope for Coffin and abolitionists across the country that abolition would in fact succeed nationally. The 1851 Indiana Constitution added Article 13, which prohibited freed blacks from living in Indiana. “Section 1. No negro or mulatto shall come into or settle in the State, after the adoption of this Constitution.”[9] Although this Constitution was adopted in 1851, 4 years after Coffin moved to Ohio, this attitude had existed in Indiana before the new constitution, and would have affected Levi Coffin and the Underground Railroad. This amendment illustrates the changing attitudes in Indiana towards the growing free black settlements, such as the Roberts settlement and Lyles Station, which developed their own schools and churches as they were excluded from white schools and churches. <br /><br />Although slavery was abolished in Indiana, the anti-slavery and pro-slavery tensions in the nation resulted in prejudice against blacks, which culminated with Article 13 of the Indiana Constitution of 1851.[10] Article 13 was passed with tremendous support from the white people living in Indiana at the time, which included the Quaker populations in Indiana. Although many Quakers believed in abolition, that does not mean that they necessarily believed in equal rights. The Civil War and the 13th Amendment brought to fruition what the abolitionists, including Coffin, were fighting achieve. With the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865, all enslaved people were legally free; this meant that the work of the abolitionists was accomplished, and Levi Coffin essentially retired and wrote about his experience.<br /><br />The Levi Coffin House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. In 2002, the Indiana Historical Bureau and Levi Coffin House Association, Inc. installed a historical marker at the Levi Coffin House.
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[1] Ray Boomhower, “Destination Indiana: Levi Coffin: President of the Underground Railroad,” Traces, Summer 1997, 14. <br />[2] Levi Coffin, Reminiscences (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), 11. <br />[3] Levi Coffin, Reminiscences (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), 13. <br />[4] “Levi Coffin.” National Park Service. last modified September 14, 2017. accessed March 3. 2019. https://www.nps.gov/people/levi-coffin.htm. <br />[5] Ray Boomhower, “Destination Indiana: Levi Coffin: President of the Underground Railroad,” Traces, Summer 1997, 15. <br />[6] Ibid. <br />[7] Levi Coffin, Reminiscences (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), i. <br />[8] l Finkelman. "Almost a Free State: The Indiana Constitution of 1816 and the Problem of Slavery." Indiana Magazine of History 111, no. 1 (2015): 64-95. doi:10.5378/indimagahist.111.1.0064. <br />[9] Charles Kettleborough and John A. Bremer, Constitution making in Indiana (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1961), 385. <br />[10] “Levi Coffin,” Indiana Historical Bureau, accessed April 3, 2019, https://www.in.gov/history/markers/437.htm.
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PHOTO & VIDEO:<br />Levi Coffin, via wikicommons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Levi_coffin.JPG
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<a href="http://digitalresearch.bsu.edu/digitalcivilrightsmuseum/items/show/25" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Digital Civil Rights Museum - Levi Coffin House</a><br /><a href="https://www.in.gov/history/markers/437.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indiana Historical Bureau: Historical Marker</a><br /><a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/132002431" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Register of Historic Places</a>
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Student Author: Jordan Girard <br />Faculty/Staff Editors: Dr. Ronald V. Morris, Dr. Kevin C. Nolan, and Christine Thompson<br />Graduate Assistant Researchers: Carrie Vachon and JB Bilbrey
1800s
Abolition
Fountain City
quakers
Underground Railroad
Wayne County